Cellular Reprogramming: Paradigm of Futuristic Medicine
Abstract
In the past twenty years, the discourse of “Cellular Reprogramming†has gone from fundamental science to the science of “ applied bioengineeringâ€, with workers working feverishly to recreate a variety of cell types. Once thought as irretrievably differentiated, mature cells are now seen to be “flexible entities†capable of switching or “flip-flopping†from one form to another with relatively simple manipulation. Although onset of induced pluripotent cells from the reprogrammed somatic cells by spatial and temporal expression of several transcription factors is a well-documented phenomenon in today’s cellular differentiation understanding, the genetic basis of such is still poorly understood. Here in this review, we attempt to analyze the current advances of the rapidly growing field of cellular reprogramming and differentiation, along with putative directions of future research involving the same.
Keywords
References
Shen CN, Slack JMW, and Tosh D: Molecular basis of transdifferentiation of pancreas to liver. Nat Cell Biol 2000, 2: 89-87.
Slack JMW: Homoeotic tansformation in man; implications for the mechanism of embryonic development and for the organization of epithelia. J Theor Bio. 1985, 114: 463-90.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(85)80179-X
Yu WY, Slack JM, and Tosh D: Conversion of columnar to stratified squamous epithelium in the developing mouse esophagus. Dev. Biol 2005, 284:157-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.042
Dutton JR, Chillingworth NL, Ebarhard D, Brannon CR, Hornsay MA, Tosh D, Slack JM: Beta cell occurs naturally in extrahepatic bile ducts of mice. J.Cell.Sci 2007, 120:239-45.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.03330
Maves L, Schubiger G: Trandetermination in Drosophila imaginal discs: a model for understanding pluripotency and selector gene maintainence. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2003, 13: 472-79.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2003.08.006
Tsonis PA, Madhavan M, Tancous EE, DelRio-Tsonis KP: A newt's eye view of lens regeneration. Int. J Dev Biol 2004, 46:975-80.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.041867pt
Willis RA: The Borderland of Embryology and Pathology, Butterworth; 1962.
Slack J.M.W, Essential Developmental Biology 3rd ed., Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.
Takahasi K, Yamanaka S: Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 2006, 126:663-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
Weintraub H, Tapscott SJ. Davis RL. Thayer MJ, Adam MA, Lassar AB, Miller AD: Activation of muscle-specific genes in pigment, nerve, fat, liver, and fibroblast cell lines by forced expression of MyoD. PNAS 1989, 86: 5434-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.14.5434
Zaret KS, Carroll JS: Pioneer transcription factors: establishing competence for gene expression. Genes Dev 2011, 25:2227-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.176826.111
Hirai H, Tani T, Katoku-Kikyo N, Kellner S, Karian P, Firpo M, Kikyo N: Radical acceleration of nuclear reprogramming by chromatin remodeling with the transactivation domain of MyoD. Stem Cells 2011, 29:1349-61.
Rais Y, Zviran A, Geula S, Gafni O, Chomsky E, Viukov S, Mansour AA, Caspi I, Krupalnik V, Zerbib M, Maza I, Mor N, Baran D, Weinberger L, Jaltin DA, Lara Astiaso D, Blecher-Gonen R, Shipony Z Mukamel Z, Hagai T Gilad S, Amann Zalcenstein D, Tanay A, Amit I, Novershtern N, Hanna JH: Deterministic direct reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Nature 2013, 502:340-45.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12587
Qian L, Huang Y, Spencer CI, Foley A, Vedantham V, Liu L, Conway SJ, Fu JD, Srivastava D: In vivo reprogramming of murine cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes. Nature 2012, 485:593-598.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11044
Zhou Q, Brown J, Kanarek A, Rajagopal J, Melton DA: In vivo reprogramming of adult pancreatic exocrine cells to beta-cells. Nature 2008, 455:627-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07314
Lujan E., and Wernig M: An indirect approach to generating specific human cell types. Nature Methods 2013, 10: 44-45; doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2325.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2325
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14259%2Ftcb.v2i1.151
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.